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The Tunisian city of Kairouan ((ヘブライ語:קירואן), '), also known as ''Kirwan'' or ''al-Qayrawan'', played an important role in Jewish history, having been a world center of Talmudic and Halakhic scholarship〔 for at least for three generations. ==Early History== The first Jews arrived in Kairouan from the Cyrenaica region of what is today Libya, and a second wave of Jewish settlers arrived at the end of the 7th century. The community's golden era began in the late 8th century and lasted until the early 11th century, i.e. from the reign of the Aghlabids to the reign of the Hafsids. The city housed a synagogue, yeshiva, a cemetery ("''Jabanet Lihoud''"), a community charity and other institutions. Jews in the city were in contact with the Babylonian academies of Pumbedita and Sura, and with Jewish communities in western Spain. In 880 CE, ''Eldad ha-Dani'' visited the city and the local community to describe his travels. He enthralled the audience with his fluency in Hebrew, and brought with him a collection of laws he claimed were practiced among the ten lost tribes. These laws puzzled the Kairouan Jews, and so they sent an enquiry to Rabbi Tzemach Ben Haim of the Sura Academy, who attempted to explain them and reconcile them with halacha. Other rabbis, including Rabbi Meir of Rothenburg and members of the Tosafists were not similarly sympathetic. At the beginning of the 10th century, a Jew named Isaac ben Solomon Israeli (d. 950) taught at the Kairouan medical school〔 and served as the personal physician to both the final ruler of the Aghlabid dynasty (amīr Ziyādat Allah iii)〔 and the first ruler of the Fatimid dynasty. He composed wrote famous works of neoPlatonic philosophy, and corresponded with Rabbi Saadia Gaon in Babylonia.〔 A second Kairouan Jew, named Donash ibn Tamim, was a physician and philologist, who also served as a doctor in the Fatimid court. A third Kairouan Jew of that era, Nathan HaBavli, (950) recorded his impressions of Babylonian Jewry in ''Seder Olam Zuta''.〔 During the 11th century, the most prominent Jew in Kairouan was Abraham ben Nathan (Abu Ishāq Ibrahim ibn 'Ata),〔 "one of the great Jewish leaders of his day", who in 1015 received the titles ''Naggid HaGolah'' (lit. "Prince of the Diaspora") and ''Rosh HaKehilot'' (lit. "Head of the Communities") from that generation's spiritual leader, Hai Gaon.〔 He served as personal physician to Mu'izz, the Zirid sultan of North Africa, and apparently also to the prior sultan, Badis, Mu'izz's father.〔〔 One contemporary of Abraham ben Nathan, Judah b. Joseph, was the most prominent trader of the city, controlling trade routes across the Mediterranean and on to India. During war, when all other ships were barred from sailing, his merchandise was taken on royal warships belonging to the Sayyida, the Zirid Queen Regent.〔Brener (2003), p.20, at note 33: ''Goiten, "Medieval Tunisia" p.324 suggests this was Umm al 'aziz (976-996) the sister of sultan Muizz, but Ben-Sasson calls her the mother of Muizz''〕) Hai Gaon titled him ''Rosh Kallah'', ''Rosh HaSeder'' and ''Salier'' (possibly derived from a Persian term for dignitary).〔 Both Abraham ben Nathan and Judah ben Joseph died in same year, sometime in the 1030s.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of the Jews in Kairouan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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